Wednesday, April 29, 2026

Angle Training - Randy Coyle (1975)

 


Note: A quaint bit of history here, Sport. Some training tips, ideas and an ad for a few products from the past. Finding weak points and putting the resistance at different angles can be used to improve aesthetic iMbaLanCeS or increase NUMBERS in lifts.  

And here we have a beautiful photo of a person engaged in exhibiting something he enjoys being part of - 



Now then, to the article: 

Bot, er, but wait!
Is a flushing toilet featured in these amazing photos? 
What fresh cancerous human infestation on Earth is this?





"Angle" training isn't new, but it hasn't been used as widely and fully as it could have been; the rest of its potential still lies unexploited. Yet angle training can be one of your keys to bodybuilding success because - when properly used - it transforms a dull, arduous, run-of-the-mill workout into an exhilarating and inspiring, enjoyable and productive experience! 

And isn't that much of what we want from weight training?

Originally there was only one kind of angle training: the body was tilted so that weaker, less-developed or harder to get at sections of a muscle group could be made stronger, larger, shapelier.

Later this body-tilt principle was used - strictly for aesthetic or remedial reasons - to exercise certain muscle groups without affecting auxiliary muscles more than minimally, in order to prevent such muscles from becoming larger than desired or injured if they're relatively weak. For example, the hack squat with machine, which "saves" the buttocks and lower back some of the work they'd do in a regular squat and can put more of the stress on the frontal thighs when done appropriately for the purpose. However, be sure to exercise your lower back separately - especially if it's the weak link that made you turn to hack squats; otherwise it'll become proportionately weaker.   

Some hack squat variations:


At about the same time, there came the idea that if you could perform an exercise more comfortably your concentration would be improved, as would
 your ability to use more weight or do more reps with the same weight in the same way. However, we're not talking about the kind of comfort that lulls you down the path of less progress; for example, the EZ curl bar - while more comfortable to use - actually won't always build the biceps as well as an ordinary straight bar will because the EZ's angle of grip falls that much shorter of full supination (turning up the palm of the hand), which is the biceps primary function; flexion is secondary. But remember that the EZ curl bar may be one of the world's really great TRICEPS-building tools.

And we're also not referring to "comfortable" sets that exclude those last tough but most productive reps. 

I'd like introduce two new, simple and inexpensive pieces of apparatus that finally may make some upper-body exercises more comfortable AND more effective at the same time. They take the elbow strain and grip fatigue out of French presses, upright rowing and lat machine pressdowns.   


Weights, headband and stick-on stache not included


The triceps attachment bar even gives you two new angles of grip that are far more effective than doing pressdowns with the usual straight bar. 

The upright rowing bar is completely new - nothing like it has existed before.
We're reading this article in 1975, for all those unfortunately addicted to cementing themselves in linear chronological suits when they read anything. Get with it and ditch time when you read, fool! But not those dry history types who can't seem to get out of their own hides, trapped in the flesh of death re-incinerated on the hell of Earth again, ash alone, no laughs remaining, a sad state of lower rung in some ringing inferno from the past writ by a Dante-not-Trudel . . . I don't fucking care in the least what you see as "the world" . . . or something along those poetically vitriolic lines that I would usually use, okay?

The key words here are "simple" and "inexpensive," because anything else as effective as either bar costs many times as much and this ad spiel goes on a while, so let's skip it . . . 

There is a third type of angle training: tilting an unexercised part of the body in relation to an adjacent, exercised muscle group so that it can be worked more intensely - such as in chest work (examples will be given later). 

What could be called a fourth type involves placing the feet at certain angles so that while doing any type of squat certain muscles of the thigh are worked more than others. Foot width/stance and its effects can be considered as well if you can bloody find the time and energy to fucking do that. Take a lap-and-a-salt-pill and blow me, asshole. "Showers . . . NOW!" No, wait . . . what? 








It's worth looking into the different forms of back squatting and positions, regardless of whether your weak point is strength-based or appearance-centered. 

It's also worth looking into all of the squat positionings and the reasons for them. Note that as the foot width and bar placement changes the number of plates increases. Always ask yourself why you're doing squats the way you're doing them. What do you effing want to accomplish? So dust off that bosu ball, load that bar and hop on, Tiger!   

Now let's examine some other common exercises and see how angle training can be of use in physique training. 

If you have long legs for your height . . . 

Here's a fella with very long legs upper and lower who found a way to squat strong and efficiently nonetheless: 


                                                      https://www.instagram.com/reel/DCzI8CXRrjC/ 

All this crap about limb lengths and leverages. Watch this guy snatch his lifetime best . . . the man's a hardworkin' pillar of the lifting community for god's sake and I wish him well. This gentleman has saved many a lifter from simply lying on the train tracks and dispassionately waiting for the next one to come and coldly hack off his giraffe-like limbs . . . 
Now just shut up about genetics and aim for YOUR best, you abhorant idiot. 

If you have long legs try a raised-heel lifting shoe, or a two-inch block under your heels for better balance if you're on a low budget for now. I have found it's cheaper to pay for a gym day pass and pinch someone else's lifting shoes from the lockers, but hey, to each his own way.

Go as deeply as possible with good form (work on it) and keep the knees slightly unlocked when you come up (nonlock at the top). Don't rest between reps; take only one or two quick deep breaths (knees unlocked). Keep moving! If you're a serious bodybuilder (lousy oxymorons, they're all fent-folders now), this will give you the intensity of effort so necessary for maximum progress.

The best thing immediately after a vigorous set of squats is

a cold beer? 

Nope, a set of stiff-arm pullovers with a well-lit, make that light dumbbell while lying across a high, preferably narrow bench, with your shoulders flush with one edge of the bench, your head hanging down and your back arched as much as possible and kept that way for the whole set. As far as shoulder flushes go I just about put my left one down the shitter for good doing dips quite a while ago. All better now and there was no need to see a plumber, er, doctor. 

"Would you like some meds and an infection with that scalpel, Sir?
Can we wire you to any opioids and stop prescribing suddenly?
You's-all can trust us!"

Don't start inhaling (it's called a bill clinton) on the pullovers until the weight is at a 45-degree angle. This will give your rib box a better stretch than if you'd started inhaling when the weight was directly overhead. 

"Pullover Complications" -



If you're pressing from a flat bench for shape and size, cross your legs above you so you can't bridge (making it harder to cheat), and lower the weight to your neck instead of your chest. 

Be careful at first. Ease into anything new.
Read freakin' research papers on it if you must - 

 This bench-method gives you more range of motion because your neck is lower than your chest and closer to the pivotal shoulder joints. Benching this way forces you to flare your elbows also and no, it's not a power movement, you bozos who effed themselves up with the whole wrong approach to doing this one. 

Keep your chin dug into the chest during the whole set while bringing the bar to where the chin and chest meet. Bob Kennedy was good friends with Vince Gironda and agreed with his views on physique development. You can see this clearly in his choice of certain articles and editorial comments during his mag's run, especially the first year or three or two. This is all becoming something of an "American Psycho" Huey Lewis & The News soliloquy. I'm going with Dr. Craig Whitehead at his finest/lowest for the "Pat" Bateman role here. Sprung like a motherfucker and spewing strength and health-related truths all over the neighborhood in the nude at five a.m. on a snowy December Sunday while wearing a full scuba suit and pushing a lawnmower. Go, Doctor Craig! 

Raising your head helps take the lats out of the exercise; in this instance it's desirable. You really won't have much luck cheating with this style, the stretch is available in full and, if you can't feel your pecs working with this approach to benching please contact a coroner but first off include me in your will. What kinda circle-jerk phrase is that meant to be . . . first off. 

Not much comment is needed about incline bench presses, except that if you keep your knees slightly bent during the set (standing inclines?) you'll find it easier to compensate for the tendency to bridge with the weight because your lower back will be flatter against the bench - which makes bridging harder. If you have trouble with cheating when doing inclines, insist on bridging, bouncing and bumping up the weight pay one of the neighbor kids a couple bucks to kick you nice and solid in the liver if you do the seated version. Standing incline child-monitoring calls for a sharp boot in the nuts. Call the little guy your training partner and don't even try to explain it once the wee feller's folks eventually find out.  

One of the commonest mistakes beginners and many intermediate bodybuilders make when working (or attempting to work) their lateral delts is to do side dumbbell raises with their upper bodies vertical. There's too much tendency to turn the palms outward (instead of keeping them facing down), which causes the shoulder girdler to tilt back, throwing the stress onto the stronger, better-developed front deltoids.




Compensate for this by doing your sets while bent 15 to 30 degrees forward at the waist. Better yet, lie face down on a "window" bench set at a 60 or 70 degree angle. Either way, you'll feel the difference immediately. 
 






You'll also feel a heck of a difference when you work your biceps if you can do your curls with the upper arms braced vertically - not at the usual "preacher"
 angle. This angle causes maximum resistance at the contracted part of the movement, where the most weight can be used. 





Of course, the best thing to use is a modern curling machine if you can buy or 
have access to one. Then angle, as we're discussing it here, becomes meaningless.  






To recap the basic kinds and purposes of angle training? 

1) Tilting the whole body, or part of it, to specialize on, or bring up to par, certain sections of a muscle group or to avoid working other muscles, for aesthetic reasons; to prevent injury to a relatively weak auxiliary muscle; stricter style; balance; comfort. 

2) Tilting an unexercised body part adjacent to the exercises muscle group so it will be worked more intensely due to disengaging an auxiliary muscle; for stricter style. 

3) Holding an exercise bar with other than a regular grip to work the muscle group more intensely or comfortably, or both.

4) Width of placement, and placing the feet at various angles so certain, more aesthetic sections of the frontal thigh can be shaped. 


Enjoy Your Lifting! 



                                                                       April 28, 2026. 212 pages 






 

Tuesday, April 28, 2026

The Complete Story of Calf Training - Robert Kennedy (1975)

Hermann Goerner 

it's a link. 
No, not the missing link.
Hella nice job with this film!



Steve Reeves



Arnold Schwarzenegger 


   
Chris Dickerson 
     

 Matt Mendenhall   



Mike Matarazzo 



Dorian Yates



Ben Pakulski, Eric Fankhouser





No Hills On My Paper Route

The question of who has the best looking calves in the world cannot be answered here. Undoubtedly Steve Reeves comes to mind when one thinks of impressive calves. He had a lot of natural size but still performed a terrific amount of specific calf exercise in order to improve the sharpness and shape of his lower legs

It has been publicized, initially I believe by the late Earle Liederman, that Steve Reeves built up his calves by pedaling up and down the Oakland hills during his paper route. Recently Steve was asked about this, and I have his answer on tape in this very room in which I am writing this: 

"Actually," says Steve, "There were no hills on my paper route."

The fact of course is that Reeves had "natural" calves. Even his pre-bodybuilding photographs show a tendency towards massive lower legs. But of course, this takes nothing away from the Reeves physique. In spite of his endowment of natural lower "pins" Steve did train hard and regularly on calf work to keep them defined.

Oh, yeah. Almost forgot . . . this
From a 1964-published Earle Liederman article titled, "Different Muscular Formations"
 

Once, during a cross-country train journey, a young Reeves took advantage of the rather boring traveling conditions and leaving his compartment seat proceeded to perform 1,000 calf raises. "Just to keep my calves in shape." 

Other fellows who come to mind as possessing well-built calves include Ron Lacy, Chris Dickerson, Bill Pearl, Doug Stroll, Len Sell, Frank Stroll, Len Sell, Frank Colombera and Reg Park; the latter man, Park, was by no means a "natural" where calf development was concerned. When Reg first came to North America after winning the Mr. Britain title he was advised by numerous people he trained with to build up his calves. 

During those early days Reg concentrated more on his shoulders and his calves were definitely somewhat neglected. Six months later Park had the most outstanding calf development of any bodybuilder in the world. 

The question has been raised as to whether calves can be overdeveloped. There was a time when I felt that the forearms, shoulders and calves were three areas of the human body which could not be overdeveloped. I know that although it takes some doing, all three can be overdeveloped. 

In some of the other muscle magazines which trade in huge, bulbous, vein-choked bodies one can see samples of chronic overdevelopment. 

Oh-oh . . . 



But don't be put off. Chances are you couldn't overdevelop your lower legs if you trained them from now till doomsday. To become overdeveloped in this area you would have to have:

1) Have natural size to begin with
2) Train your calves excessively
3) Use juice

What then is the ideal calf size and shape? 

This is difficult to say. Some authorities feel that the calf muscle should measure two-thirds of the thigh. In other words if a fellow had 24-inch thighs his calves should measure 16 inches and I don't mean measured from origin to insertion. 

However, ideal statistics laid down through numerical formulas are not really a safe and sure guide to how you should look. Your guide has to be "appearance." If you calves look good then that's it! There is no such thing as an ideal measurement of calf for a certain height. One man at 5'10" may look good with a 16" calf (that was neither defined or well shaped); another with a 16" measurement could look totally undeveloped in the lower leg region. Appearance. 

One point that may be raised in your mind is . . . 

"Can basic calf shape be changed?" 

The answer to this is NO! Not significantly . . . but at the same time one should realize that an increase in size in some cases can give the appearance of improved shape. In fact, many extremely underdeveloped fellows are not aware of any calf shape at all. It is only when the muscle starts to build up that they realize that they have a decent "shape" thus dispelling their fears that they had no basic shape to begin with. 

The problems, or lack of problems, of building your calves becomes evident to you over time and consistent training. Depending on whether you are a calf "natural" or not you will find calf-building easy or hard. As we mentioned earlier, Steve Reeves found that his calves responded very well to exercise. In fact he had to work extremely hard on his neck and arms to "bring them in line" with the natural massiveness of his calf development. Don't ya just hate this Reeves guy sometimes. We have to exterminate all genetically gifted calf developers in order to even the playing field. 

Chris Dickerson is another fellow who has utterly phenomenal calf development. In fact if he works his lower legs too strenuously he finds that they can actually become too big. 

I'll stop underlining "in fact" (well that was a quick fail) . . . he uses that phrase a lot in his articles; one of the "tells" to look for in trying to determine which stuff Bob Kennedy wrote for the early MMI under a different name and no, I don't need to get a life, I like my shite just fine. 

And then there are the fellows whose calf development is actually lacking in proportion to the rest . . . 

I can't resist. Another way of guess-determining the real authors of pen-named writing is how often they choose to drop the definite article . . . you know, the word "the". 

Some will choose: "Grasp the dumbbells firmly . . ."
Others go with: "Grasp dumbbells firmly . . ."

"In the starting position prior to the first pull . . ."
or
"In starting position prior to first pull . . ."

and of course it'll be selective and not a necessary constant, so we get something like this as well from the same author:

"In the starting position prior to first pull . . ."

Look at use of the Oxford comma or not, the semicolon, italics? UPPER CASE? 
the Em dash, ellipsis . . . lots of fingerprints! 

Anyhow, the article continues: 

. . . AND THEN there are the fellows whose calf development is actually lacking in proportion to the rest of their bodies. Rick Wayne, Dave Draper, George Eiferman:



I did not notice till now, Bob. 
He has girly calves yet still scores with the ladies! 
16 inch measurement stated. 
Who knows! 

Damn you, Bob Kennedy!
Now I can't stop seeing just those smallish calves. 
No matter
Oi vey, oi vey, always with the goils this one! 

   Yes, unfortunately nature shortchanges some of us even before we are born. No matter, hard or easy we are going to build up our lower legs. 

    What to do? 
   
    If you are a relative beginner at bodybuilding then you should make your calf training no more than a part of your general workout. Three or four sets of calf raises on a calf machine or one legged with a dumbbell should be sufficient to bring them along as your body takes on extra muscle elsewhere. 

    On the other hand if you have worked for some time on a particular routine and have found that your calves are stubborn, then you may care to specialize to some extent on this area.

    A specialization routine for calves can be incorporated into an all-round routine such as the following. You should of course aim to "carry along" the other muscle groups while trying to increase your calf measurement. It is also worth mentioning that if you are considerably underweight then you will not improve your calf development much unless you are prepared to work for additional body weight. 

    Here's a sample routine with the calf specialization exercises at the end: 

Seated PBN, 5x8
Front Squat on Block, 5x10
Incline DB Bench, 5x10
Bentover Row, 5x10
Incline DB Curl, 6x10
Incline Triceps Extension, 6x10
Hanging Leg Raise, 3x20
Standing Calf Raise, 5x20
Donkey Calf Raise, 5x30
Seated Calf Raise, 5x20

   So there you have it. Work hard at the exercises and don't stop the calf movements until the lower legs have become congested with blood and "burn" at the end of every set. 

    Naturally the repetitions suggested are only approximate figures. You may be able to do a few more or less than the suggested figure on some sets, or course. Generally speaking though, repetitions for calf work should be on the high side. 

    This would not be a complete article on calf training if I didn't tell you one or two extra things used by some fellows I've seen train. Little calf-building tales that may help.

    For example, did you know that Steve Reeves studied the action of his calf muscles and redesigned his walk (yes, his walk), so that his calf was put through an almost full range of extension whenever he walked anywhere. Steve practiced this to such an extent that it is now second nature to him. He strides out and raises right up on the ball of his foot each time he takes a step. You'll notice it next time you see one of his films (six different languages, overdubbed English, out of synch lips, for-shit special effects and fight scenes, thin plots, bad acting . . . I can't wait). Actually this bouncy stride gives a great impression of vigor and virility, and it definitely helps the calves by maintaining fullness and shape. 

    An old-time Mr. Britain winner in England was having trouble with his lower legs. He tried all the usual calf exercises but nothing would give him results. Eventually this man came up with what turned out to be a brilliant idea. He searched around his house for an old pair of shoes which he no longer required. He then attached two 3" blocks of wood to the underpart of each shoe. He did this by slamming a couple of nails through the sole and down into the wood blocks, which were placed directly under the ball of the shoe (just where the base of the toes run into the foot) and he would then walk with this rather unusual footwear, the idea being to make the calf muscle work throughout a complete range and thus build up to a larger size. 

    Pretty soon our Mr. Britain winner was walking the better part of a mile in these shoes every night. His regular shoes grew angry that he was stepping out on them and not in them. To avoid embarrassment he would drive out into the countryside after supper and go for his "calf walk" when it was dark so no one would see him. 


    
I should care what anyone thinks?

    I understand that he did in fact have a few embarrassing moments but that his venture did pay off, for after just 35 days our ingenious bodybuilder had gained 1-3/4" of additional gastrocnemius. 

   Okay, this was published in '75, Boyer Coe was promoting those shoes in the late '70s and Strength Shoes were being popularized in the '90s. Some guys went so far as to put cleats on them. There's a lot of conflicting reports but ya gotta admit they'd be great for wax-on, wax-off lessons for armless types out to learn Karate. 


    
    Several similarly kooky ideas have paid off for others. One friend of mine would slip his shoes off whenever he was waiting in line at the movies, at a bus stop or when waiting for a train (I saw a guy take everything off at the train station once and he was definitely not a bodybuilder. The gut on this guy! His calves needed more attention as well) and perform endless heel raises. I shouldn't really make fun of his antics because he really did succeed in building a fine pair of calves from very humble beginnings. The last time I saw him was at the downtown bank lining up to cash his paycheck. He was still doing his heel raises, much to the intrigue of the tellers whom I believed must have felt he needed a washroom or at the very least, had ants in his pants. 

    A calf-training program worth relating because of its unanimous success with those who tested it, appeared in this issue of Iron Man magazine: 


    Sept 71

    Peary Rader liked it . . . "This is the most effective system for developing the calves that we have ever known in our many years in the game." 

    Basically this method involves the use of a calf machine, but you can find a way without one. You will also need a block at least 4" high to do the heel raises. Make sure it's solid and won't move or turn over. For fucksake just nail a length of 2x4 under each end and it won't go anywhere or roll. 

    The inventor of this calf-training method, Jim McLellan writes in Iron Man, "Follow every instruction carefully." 

    Start with a weight which will permit you to do just 15 repetitions correctly - very strictly and smoothly. Your first exercise is the standard heel raise. Up as high as possible until calf almost cramps - try to get higher, then lower clear down and stretch the calves. Try to go clear down - you may not make it at first, but after a workout or two your calf muscles will stretch so you can. 

    Full-range movements are important, so make sure your movements here are full range without a hyphen. Don't hurry these - feel it all the way. 

    Now stand on one foot and raise the other and shake it with muscles relaxed so they can flop as you shake them. Then shake the other leg, then the first one, then the other - two shakes with each leg. This loosens the muscles and lets the blood flow, so let that feeling grab you deep inside. Just let your blood flow, like a mountain stream, make your calves grow, with the strongest of dreams . . . that's the reason but who needs one. Okay, enough of the Bellamy Brothers doing the Hokey Pokey and shaking their legs all around. This should take no more than eight seconds.

    Immediately do 8 more reps of the calf raises, then the same leg shakes, then 8 more reps and the same leg shakes, then 8 more reps, this time eliminating the leg shakes. 

    Immediately after the last set, and with no rest, do what bodybuilders call "burns". In this instance you do short-range movements in the middle range. These are fast and bouncy. Do this until the calves really ache. In doing these you should actually bounce of the block slightly and come down with the force of the body. Just spring off the block and come down on those calf muscles with a crash until your Achilles tendon near-snaps. 

    Actually (use of "actually" is definitely one of his tells; "naturally" as well) but your weight leaves the toes for a fraction of a second and then it crashes down against those calf muscles. After a little of this your calf muscles will scream for rest, but they don't get it, for without rest, go into the more advanced stages of your exercises as follows: 

    Go up on both feet and while in the high position take one foot off the block and slowly lower yourself on the other foot. In other words you go up on two feet and come down on one foot. Now go up on two and come down on the foot opposite the foot you came down on the first time. 

    Continue this for 10 to 20 reps depending on what you can stand. This is one set. 

   Note: don't take all that "crashing down" stuff too far too fast. 

    After a sort rest go through this whole routine again for another set. I mean from beginning to end. Do not rest over five minutes from one set to the next. During the rest massage the calf muscles lightly and shake the legs to loosen them up.

    Do the above for two weeks. 
    After two weeks add the following to each set: 

    After finishing the above (the two-up and one-down routine) do another set of the burns (the short range, bouncy movements) then immediately go into the two-up one-down routine. This addition to the routines makes this exercise terrific.

    McLellan feels that this 2up and 1down routine right after the burns is the key to the whole thing and must be done exactly as described for best possible results.

    It should be noted that any onslaught on the calves should only be carried out for a period of 2-3 months. After this strenuous training it may be a good idea to reduce your calf training to just a few tough sets a couple of times a week. 

   Naturally should you want to go on another calf blitz at a later time, then this would be fine. The point is, don't try and work the calves on this all out attack system for long periods of time. A rest from excessive calf training can be beneficial and in many cases when severe work if reembarked upon, the results are that much better. 

    For your interest here are a few quotes from some of the authorities of muscledom. Many men have developed outstanding bodies, many know from experience the difficulties of training the calves . . . 

   "I advised Arnold Schwarzenegger on his first visit to South Africa to work his calves twice a day as I had done when trying to build up my own lower legs for the Mr. Universe contest." - Reg Park

    "The best looking calves are those that have "inner peak." That is, development of the inside head of the gastrocnemius. It is the area that gives the so-called 'diamond' shape." - Dick Samson.

   Of all the sword & sandal flicks, the Reeves, Park films and all that, I like this one: 

    Hercules, played by Samson Burke,
pro-wrasslin' name Sammy Berg.


Enjoy Your Lifting! 



No shoes, no shirt, full service. 
How's his calves? 

No shoes, no shirt, no service revolver.

 

    







 


























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