Over the Rainbow

 

I have some family stuff over the hills and 

will be returning to the blog around the second week of September.

ENJOY YOUR LIFTING!  

Powerful Shoulders & Chest Without Bench Presses - Bill Starr 1993)

You've been on this great new shoulder and chest routine for six weeks. It's been working wonders. You see all kinds of new delt and pec growth. Man, are you pleeezed! 

Then . . . whap! 

You wreck a shoulder. Hell's bells. Now you can't bench. Not even the empty bar. You can't afford to lose any of that hard-won, wonderful muscle . . . 

So, what now? 

I was in the Williams College weight room, waiting for the area designated for lifting off the floor to clear out so I could do some power cleans. I had just finished working with a group of young athletes from the Top Gun Lacrosse Camp and now it was time to do some training. The person using the area finished off his set of upright rows, then started unloading the bar and put it in the middle of the rubber mat before someone else decided it was the perfect spot to do some curls.

Before I had a chance to do my first set, a well built young man approached me, saying, "Excuse me. I noticed you working with those kids from the lacrosse camp. I asked the guy at the desk about you and he said you were the coach at John Hopkins. I've read some of your articles and our coach in high school used your Big Three program. 

Here:

http://ditillo2.blogspot.com/2019/06/the-big-three-and-important-others-bill.html 

Could I ask you a few questions?" 

"Sure," I replied, for flattery works wonders. And I had to be available until the gym closed at 5:30 anyway. "What do you want to know?' 

He introduced himself and told me briefly his problem. His name was Kyle. He lived in Williamstown but went to college in Boston. He played hockey for Boston College and had been training with weights since high school. "But now," he said languidly, "I'm really down about my shoulder and chest training."

"How come?" 

He sighed and replied, "About two months ago, a bunch of us were playing volleyball and I dove for a ball. I jammed my right shoulder. it hurt, but I kept on playing. I though I had just bruised it but the next day I couldn't bench much at all. I mean, not even the empty bar. I went to the doctor and he said to rest it. So I did for a few weeks, but when I tried to come back and use a light weight, it still killed me. I've quit doing them altogether," he added forlornly. 

I wasn't sure whether he wanted me to give him a rehab program for his bad shoulder of suggest some alternatives. I decided to start with alternatives. "The bench press is not the only good shoulder and chest exercise, you know." 

"I know this," he grumbled, "but I still hate not being able to bench like I used to. I go into the school gym and and see guys I used to out-bench by 100 pounds and now they're doing more than I can. I guess it makes me mad more than anything." 

"That's understandable. Any athlete hates injuries more than sin. There are two ways you can go. I can show you some rehab exercises for your bad shoulder or I can outline a program that doesn't include the bench press. A program that will enable you to build a great deal of strength in your shoulder girdle." 

"I've got two months before fall practice starts. Would that be enough time to build my shoulders back up?" 

"Sure, plenty of time." 

"What exercises are you talking about?" 

"Exercises that will not irritate your bad shoulder. Can you do inclines?" 

"I'm not sure. I've never tried them since I was hurt." 

"How about overhead presses or dips?"

"I know I can overhead press but I've been afraid to try dips."

"Alright. The first step is to find out just what you can do. Try some inclines. Just use an empty bar and do a set very slowly. I need to find out what movements irritate your bad shoulder." 

"He did a few reps on the incline and said, "These feel fine. They don't bother my shoulder at all." 

"That's good. You can use it as one of your primary shoulder exercises." 

"You like the incline, don't you? I see you showing all the kids." 

I nodded, saying, I really think the incline is a much better shoulder exercise than the bench press. Especially for athletes. The incline works all the muscle groups that make up the shoulder girdle: high portion of the chest, all three heads of the deltoids as well as the three parts of the triceps. These muscles are the ones involved in the acts of throwing, catching, blocking, tackling. Since these muscle groups help secure the shoulder joint, they are especially valuable to the athlete, who is, like yourself, engaged in a contact sport. Strong muscles help prevent injuries." 

I've seen people do inclines, but never as a strength movement. They usually do it for fairly high reps after their benches." 

"This is true, but before the bench press became the test of shoulder strength, the incline and the other two lifts I'm going to see if you can do, the overhead press and the dip, were the exercises used to test overall shoulder power. Some of the top strength athletes in the late 1950's and early 60's, like Parry O'brien, Dallas Long, Randy Matson Al Oerter and Harold Connolly could handle enormous weight in the incline and every one of these athletes had massive shoulder development. Mid-400 inclines were not all that rare." 

I could see that he was impressed, so I pushed my point. "One aspect of the incline that I really like, especially for any athlete, is that there is no effective way to cheat on the lift. I've seen lifters squirm around so much doing a bench press that it looks more like a gymnastic event than an exercise. Some jerk the bar around like it's electrified. Others bounce the bar off their chests so violently that I expect to see them cough up blood. I've seen some bridge so high off the bench that I'm certain they're going to strain their backs during the lift."

Kyle laughed. "I know what you mean. We have one guy at school that rebounds the bar off his chest, then bridges it on up. He's been using the exact same weight for three years." 

"Chances are pretty good that he'll be using that same weight for the next three years. This is one reason the incline works so well. If a lifter tries to bounce the bar off his chest or bridge, these cheating movements not only don't help, but they adversely affect the lift. So, the incline has to be done very correctly and because of this, the athlete ends up working the exact muscle groups he wants to work and no others. As a result, strength gains come much more rapidly." 

"I really don't care how much I can incline. I do care how much I can bench press though," he said staunchly. "We're only tested on the bench press." 

"Your attitude might change about the incline after you've done them for a couple of months and feel the benefits. An added bonus to keep in mind is that if you work hard on the incline and move it up forty or fifty pounds over the next few months, the strength you've gained will convert very directly to your bench press. And in the process, you'll find that these exercises will help rehab your bad shoulder most effectively." 

He frowned and asked most incredulously, "You mean my bench press will get strong from doing inclines?" 

"I mean exactly that. I had a number of lacrosse players at school who were unable to do benches, usually due to some sort of injury. They worked very hard on their incline for a few months, then tested their shoulder strength on the bench to see if they had, as I told them, gotten stronger. Every one of them added no less than 20 pounds to their bench without doing a single repetition on the flat bench." 

"Alright, I'm willing to give them a try. Since I've never really done these, except with dumbbells, guide me through a few sets." 

I looked to see if my pulling station was still there. It wasn't. Two older men were doing a bentover roe, er, row and my narrative, um, bar had been stripped of its, dang it, fourth wall. "I'll do some with you," I said, loading the bar to 95 pounds. "This is one exercise that requires a spotter. It may appear to be a safe movement, but the problems occur when the lifter tries to replace the weight back in the uprights. Often, he fails to put the bar in the uprights correctly and it either goes falling backwards or it comes crashing down on him. I've also seen lifters throw the weight back so forcefully that it comes rebounding out of the uprights. With the bar directly over the lifter's head, it can be very dangerous, so have someone help you take the bar from the uprights and also to replace it. I'll hand it to you on the count of three." 

His first reps were rough. The bar waved around like it was trying to get away from him. I took the bar from him and put it back in the uprights. "It might help to see the correct form" I got on the bench, ignored the sounds of a roe v male threeway nearby, had him hand me the weight and did a few reps while saying, "When you take the weight from your spotter make sure you have complete control of it. Slowly lower the bar to your chest, letting it touch very high on your chest, right where your breast bone meets your collarbones. Always make sure you touch your chest on every rep for many more muscles are brought into play when this is done. Keep your elbows turned outward during the entire lift. The elbows never tuck in close to your body as they do during a bench press. The bar should go up in a perfectly straight line. When the weight gets heavy, the bar will try to go forward, but you must control it and maintain a straight line of movement. Pretend you're in a Smith machine and are moving the bar perfectly straight. The movement both up and down should be very smooth with no herky-jerky motions. When you've finished your last rep, tell your spotter and have him assist you in placing the bar back in the uprights safely." 

He did three more sets, working up to 155 for 5 quite easily. On each subsequent set his form improved considerably. "Very good," I said. "You're a fast learner." 

"I try to hit my nose with the bar going up and that helps. I can do more." 

I know you can but I want you to save some energy for the other exercises I'm going to show you. Let's go find out if you can do dips." 

He gingerly lowered himself between the dip bars. After six reps, he stopped and said, "I can feel them, but they really don't hurt me. Nothing like the flat bench hurts me. These are good for shoulders too?"

"Absolutely. Once more, I'll go back to a few years ago before the bench press came into such prominence as a shoulder girdle exercise. Many of the top strength athletes, including Olympic lifters, used the dip to increase their shoulder strength and some used a great deal of weight. Like the incline, there is no effective way to cheat on the dip. It is a pure shoulder exercise." 

"How much weight did they use?"

"Marvin Eder was the uncontested king of this exercise. He could do reps with 300 pounds hanging from him and, due to his dipping power, was able to bench press 510 while weighing but 200 pounds. Another advocate of the dip was Pat Casey, the first man to bench press 600. He did 617 in 1965 and dipped twice a week, even though he weighed in the high 200's." 

"I don't think I can use any weight on these." 

"You don't have to. In fact even if you weren't nursing a bad shoulder, you shouldn't add any weight for a few weeks. Spend some time learning proper form and establishing a base. Start out by doing four sets of as many reps as you can do. When you can do 4 x 20 then you can start adding some weight. Use 25 pounds and drop the reps back to 8 or 10." 

He set himself up for another set, then asked, "How low should I go?" 

"As low as you can without irritating your shoulder. If going real low hurts, cut them off a bit. You're still going to be working your frontal deltoids, your chest where it ties in with your shoulders, and your triceps. Do these rhythmically, don't drop to the bottom position. Lower yourself slowly and when you are as low as you want to go, drive forcefully to the top." 

"What if there isn't a dip belt in the gym?"

"You can work fairly heavy using dumbbells. Hold one snugly between your knees and lift your lower legs backwards to secure them." I grabbed a 40 pounder and demonstrated what I wanted him to do. "Most people can manage up to a 100 pound dumbbell in this fashion but anything heavier becomes awkward. At that stage, I suggest you invest in a dip belt." 

"I've seen guys doing those at school and they sometimes start swinging around. It looked dangerous."

"You're right, it is. This is one precaution you must take when you do weighted dips. Do not allow the weight to move around for this puts a great stress on the shoulders. If the shoulders happen to be fatigued, or like in your case, recovering from an injury, you can hurt yourself badly." 

"What can I do to stop the swinging motion?"

"I've found that if I pull a bench up next to the dip bars, fix the weights firmly between my legs, then ease myself onto the bars, I stay in control. If I set up correctly for my first rep, I'm generally fine, but if I get raggedy on that first rep, things get progressively worse and I start moving like a pendulum. The best thing to do if you start swinging a lot is to stop, reset and start the set over." 

"Some of the guys like to put the weight behind their legs." 

"This works. Whatever is comfortable. I prefer gripping the weight between my knees, but behind the knees is alright if it helps to maintain control. Having the bench close is also helpful once you've finished the set because you really don't want to drop the weights all the way to the floor when you're tired. You can simply step back on the bench and place the weights on it." 

"I gotcha. Earlier you mentioned overhead presses. Anything special I need to know about those?" 

"Are you doing them standing, seated, with  dumbbells or a bar?"

"I've been doing them seated, with a bar. I used to do behind the necks, but I can't do them at all since my injury. Which is better?" 

"They're all useful. Seated is probably better for most people for these don't require as much technique as that standing press. And there's less risk of hurting your lower back on the seated press. I would forget the behind the neck presses entirely. I've seen more shoulder injuries from this exercise than any other. It just puts too much strain on the shoulders. Some people do them and benefit, but I really believe that pressing the weight in front of the shoulders is much better for more weight can be used in the front than it can in the back and it is much safer. If a person feels like he has to do some behind the necks for whatever reason, he should do them with a very light weight and keep the reps in the 12-15 range." 

"Are dumbbells any good?" 

"Very good for variety. Whenever you use dumbbells, you have to control the weight more than if you use a bar and this brings in some newer muscle groups. They are especially good for light days." 

"Watch my form on my seated press." 

His form was perfect and I told him so. Then he said, "Show me the proper way to do standing presses. I've always wanted to learn how to do those. There's a gym off campus that has pictures of 

Ernie Pickett

Bill March

        Ken Patera

Bob Bednarski

What The! 

 . . . pressing these huge weights. I have never seen such shoulders as they have." 

"That's quite a group. They were all world record holders in the Press and you're right, they all had shoulders that could fill any doorway. They all built those shoulders by pressing. Ernie did a few bench presses, but all the rest did was the press." 

"Show me. I want shoulders like that." 

"I can't guarantee you'll look like March, but I will show you."

We walked to the squat rack and loaded the bar to 95 pounds. "Take the bar out of the rack and step back a bit so you won't hit it. Your feet should be at shoulder width. Your grip should be just outside your shoulders. Lift your frontal deltoids up and rest the bar across them. You don't want the bar to rest on your collarbones. Keep your wrists perfectly straight and elbows slightly down. Your entire body should be tight before you press, from your feet up through your legs, hips, back and shoulders. Press the weight from your body like were pressing from a solid rack. Drive the bar straight upward, right past the tip of your nose. Keep your chin tucked to your body, you never want to look up at the bar for this will cause you to lean backward." 

He did his first rep easily and used correct form, but when he locked out, it wobbled and he had to step back. 

"This tell you that you drove the bar too far backward. If you have to step forward, it means you drove the bar too far forward. You want it to move in a straight line. Hold your lockout a bit longer. The act of supporting a heavy weight directly overhead works many muscles in your back and  shoulders that are not normally worked. Don't allow the bar to crash back to your chest. Lower it slowly and under control." 

Holding the bar overhead, he asked, "When should I breathe?" 

"The rhythm of breathing generally comes naturally, but for now, inhale and exhale at the start and again at the lockout. Hold your breath while you're pressing until it gets heavy, then you should learn to breathed just as soon as it passes through the sticking point at the top of your head." 

He finished his set, replaced the bar, then said, "I felt myself leaning back on my last rep. Is there anything I can do to prevent me from leaning back? I don't think that's so good for my lower back." 

"You can try moving your feet a bit closer. Some bring their heels together so they won't lay back too much. If you find that you're still laying back, I suggest that you switch to the dumbbells. There's no possible way for you to lay back when using them." 

"I like this idea. How should I work them into a program? I plan to work out three times a week." 

"Incorporate the heavy, light and medium system. 

Intro to basic Bill Starr layouts and heavy, light, medium here:

http://ditillo2.blogspot.com/2019/04/getting-started-on-strength-program.html 

Make the inclines your heavy day exercise, the dips your light day and overhead presses your medium day." 

"But you said I should work them all hard. Are you saying I should only use light weight for my dips?" 

"No, the heavy, light and medium concept does not mean that you can take it easy on the light and medium days, but rather indicates the amount of weight you're going to handle on the three different exercises. For example, you should, seeing how much you benched before the injury, be able to do 250 for reps in the incline fairly quickly. If you work hard on the other two lifts, you should be somewhere around 125 for reps in the dip and 200 in the overhead press. The relative differences in the weights used is what makes them heavy, light and medium days.    

"I follow, 250 is heavier than 125 and so on." 

"Right. The lifts dictate the sequence. Being a light day does not mean that you get to work any easier for you will still be going 100% on your dips and overhead presses." 

"What about sets and reps for each exercise?"

"Until you learn the form for the incline and overhead, stay with the basic 5 sets of 5 reps. I've already told you how to work into the dips. Do them without any added weight until you can do 4 sets of 20. Once you feel confident in your form, start changing the set and rep sequence every week." 

"Like how?"  

"One workout, for any of the three lifts, do 3 sets of 5 as warmups, then do 3 sets of 3, going just as heavy as you can on the last set. The following week, do 3 sets of 5 followed by 3-4 sets of 2 reps. The next week, go back to the 5 x 5 again. About once a month, work up and hit a max single. Any time you do the 3s, 2s, or singles, throw in a couple of back-off sets of 8 to increase your workload.

"The lower reps using heavy weight will strengthen the attachments; ligaments and tendons, while the higher reps will hit the muscles more. The variety will keep your body off balance and this is necessary for continuous progress." 

"Question. Should I do all three lifts in the same set and rep sequence the same week or should I mix them around?" 

"Whatever works best for you. Some like to do heavy doubles on all three of the lifts in the same week, while others feel they make better gains by doing triples on the incline, fives on the dips and singles on the press in successive workouts. A bit of trial and error is in order before you'll come up with the best formula for you." 

"Should I do anything else for my shoulders?"

"If you work these three exercises hard you will not want to do much more for your shoulders in the way of heavy work, but you can do some extra work with lighter weights. After you've done your primary shoulder exercise, you can do 2-3 sets of: front raises with dumbbells, lateral raises with dumbbells, and upright rows. Keep the reps high, 12-15. The high reps will force you to use a lighter weight and this will keep you from overtraining." 

"I think I know how to do all those. I think your pulling station has cleared out." 

I looked and saw he was right. I hurried over to it and set up my bar once again. Kyle said, "I have some things about diet I want to ask you, but I'll do it while you lift. You look like you're in a hurry." 

"I don't want to be late for the gourmet salmon roe dinner at camp," I replied and did my first power clean. 

Enjoy Your Lifting! 

  

      

       

 

Common Training Mistakes and How to Avoid Them - Bradley Steiner (1979)

Joe Weider, around 1942.

22 or 23 years old and about two years into publishing 

Your Physique magazine.

The number of barbell trainees who have access to good personal instruction are very few. Most persons who take up progressive physical training must simply depend upon whatever MISinformation their "teacher" (usually in some sign em up and forget em gym), or some printed course they randomly saw. 

Now of course it MAY happen that the trainee is lucky. He just might encounter a competent instructor of he might have obtained a copy of a really fine and proven course (like the Rader Master Bodybuilding Course). Here: 

http://ditillo2.blogspot.com/2008/02/reder-system-part-one.html  http://ditillo2.blogspot.com/2008/02/rader-system-part-two.html 

However, from the sacks of mail I get asking questions that my two decades of experience in this field have taught me EVERY GOOD COURSE OR TEACHER WORTH HIS NAME always imparts to a neophyte, I must conclude that the vast majority of trainees are being victimized, rather than EDUCATED, by their "teachers." 

My purpose here is not to engage in polemics against the poor instruction that is available -- either from inept teachers or worthless courses. Rather, my intention is to help, as best I can, to clarify what I've come to see as the most common errors trainees make, and to clearly explain how you can avoid or correct these errors.

Serious bodybuilding is hard enough without having to cope with needless obstacles. And, as I shall show you, the most common training errors made are needless and easy to avoid, once you know what you're doing.

The Warning Signals

How do you know, actually, when you really ARE doing something wrong in training? What can you use as a sounding board to determine if you're off course? 

The reason I bring up the issue of checking to see if you're making errors in your training methods will sometimes result in temporary bogging down or a slump. Training, remember, is not by ANY means a steady upward course to the top. If it were, then we'd be turning out Supermen by the dozen -- every week! But . . . it just doesn't work that way.

Generally speaking, if you ARE training correctly, you will experience pretty excellent progress for periods of about four to eight weeks before hitting a kind of snag. This block, or period of staleness, as it is often known, is PERFECTLY NORMAL, and absolutely nothing to worry about. It CANNOT be prevented or circumvented by "improving your training," since, in fact, it is caused by your natural biological cycles, and it is the function of sensible training to ACCOMODATE TO your own, unique cycle. 

Any so-called expert who tells you that his method of training can carry you from your first workout to the Universe title six or seven years hence with no setbacks, staleness or slumps is a lunatic, an idiot or an out and out lying fraud. Such is the LAST person to whom you ought to turn for your training instruction.

Okay, do depending upon your unique psychological and physical machinery your body can be made to progress fairly well in training for probably AT LEAST four weeks at a time, and almost surely NO MORE than eight weeks at a time. Then, no matter how "right" your training is, you must REST. Usually three to seven days of NO WEIGHTS does the trick of allowing your system to bounce back.

The best thing one can do during layoff is STRETCH daily. Also, mild swimming is useful, or light jogging or rope skipping. No more than 15 minutes daily of such mild exercise is just right for an effective, recuperative layoff period.

Assuming that you ARE training properly, you can and should expect these normal setbacks: 

1) A need for a rest of 3-7 days duration from weight training after 4-8 weeks of progressive, all-out hard training. 

2) The simple fact that no two workouts can possibly be alike, since you will obviously SOMETIMES have more (or less) energy than at other times. Slight energy and drive fluctuations are NORMAL. 

Assuming then that you are NOT training properly, these are the important WARNING SIGNALS that can tip you off to an error in your method, and, quite possibly, save your entire training career: 

1) Deep-felt fatigue and exhaustion following your normal training workout. A properly completed workout leaves you with a feeling of pleasant muscle fatigue, and within an hour a feeling of exhilaration and vibrancy. 

2) Noticing that you rarely, if ever, feel like training, but anticipate your workouts with dread and think of them as a tedious chore. Naturally you will SOMETIMES feel a desire to do something else when training time arrives . . . but 90 percent of the time, if you're training correctly, workouts become almost the high point of the day and feel quite wonderful to get into.

3) The realization that "cheating" is necessary to perform your exercises, since you just can't hack those poundages in good, strict form. Cheating SOMETIMES is fine, and, occasionally (like once a month) it is even a viable method for advanced power-type workouts; but by and large, excellent form and sharp, crisp style will mark the effective trainee's style.  

4) Feeling dragged out and beat BETWEEN workouts. Energy should abound on your off days, between workouts. It is during this time that your system's recuperative efforts should be recharging and revitalizing you, unless you've gone overboard in your workout.

5) Making no progress -- permanently! Naturally, there will be times when progress is slow or nonexistent. This is natural and, for training purposes, really significant. But NEVER progressing, or feeling oneself actually retrogressing, is a sign that training is definitely out of whack. 

If you discover and of those warning signals manifesting in YOU, the you are SURELY doing something wrong in training, and your poor progress is not due to any normal slump or setback. 

The Errors

By going over this list of common training errors that I've compiled to help guide you, you can discover your mistake and take immediate action to overcome and correct it. 

It will pay you even if your training is right now going fine, to examine the following list with some thought . . . for it will aid you in becoming PREPARED to deal with what might otherwise be a serious block to your objectives. 

Error No. 1

TAKING TOO MANY WORKOUTS DURING THE COURSE OF ANY GIVEN WEEK. 

I have always been of the personal opinion that the best training method is to take TOTAL BODY WORKOUTS, rather than so-called split workouts. When maximally severe total body workouts are taken, three such workouts per week, on alternate days, are the MOST your body can tolerate, and gain on. And YES, this applies equally to easy gainers.

On those very few instances when I've worked out split schedules for insistent trainees, I have always restricted such a course to no more than FOUR sessions per week. I use this method: 

Monday/Thursday

Cheat, Back, Shoulders, Abdominals 

Tuesday/Friday

Legs, Arms, Abdominals

I ask you to note that such a schedule provides TWO actual total body workouts during the course of any given week's time. Not enough? You've got to be kidding! I defy anyone to follow such as schedule and PUSH TO THE LIMIT, and then want "more." 

Don't some of the champs train five, six and even seven days a week? Yes, they do. And some of them are out and out fanatics and muscle nuts.

Don't train more than three times a week on a total body schedule, or four times a week in split sessions, if you absolutely insist on following that method. 

Error No. 2

LETTING ANY ONE WORKOUT BECOME TOO EXTENDED -- USING TOO MANY EXERCISES, SETS AND VARIATIONS. 

The idea that "if X amount of training equals a good workout, then 3X will make me Superman" is just plain drivel. The truth is: If an hour of hard work is right for you, then any more will be WRONG. 

We can pursue this point. If three sets of dumbbell curls are enough to make your arms grow, then you SHOULD NOT do a fourth set -- because once you've done enough, you begin OVER-training that body part, and literally, PREVENTING progress. 

You should view weight training as the supreme ultimate physical training form. it is the the hardest, most intensively concentrated physical training method known, and, as a result, it must be CAREFULLY REGULATED AND CONTROLLED -- like potent medicine -- for good results to be obtained in usage. Weight training is the easiest form of exercise to overdo. 

Sure enough, one set of any good, basic exercise, properly done, will start the necessary fiber breakdown required for growth stimulation. Two sets are almost always enough -- with ALL OUT training, and NO ONE, no matter whom it may be, requires more than three sets. In fact, it can be taken as axiomatic that, in all out training, the fact that a pupil can do more than three sets is proof that he's loafing.

I am aware that many advanced barbell men THINK they need more than three sets, but they're wrong. I suspect that what actually exists is a subjective preference on the advanced man's part to do MORE rather than to work HARDER. 

Using too many exercises for any one body area is also a serious, self-defeating mistake. The idea that a wide variety of exercises are needed for "shape and definition" is not true. Your DIET has the greatest bearing on shape and definition, as well as your hereditary tendency to be either thick or thin skinned, and your natural, inherent body shape.

There is never justification for using more than TWO BASIC EXERCISES FOR ANY ONE MAJOR BODY ARES. Generally, one exercise per body part is plenty.

By restricting your workouts to the cream of the basic exercises and by going ALL OUT on them, your maximum development is assured. Do less, but do it HARDER, and get more! 

Error No. 3

FAILING TO MAINTAIN WHAT I CALL THE DELICATE DEVELOPMENTENT BALANCE. 

Generally, trainees either use weights that are too heavy -- and they cheat; or they use weights that are too light, and they fail to put sufficient ENERGY into hard sets to make progress. 

The real secret of correct training is TO USE THE MAXIMUM WEIGHT THT YOU CAN PROPERLY HANDLE IN GOOD, STRICT, CORRECT EXERCISE FORM FOR THE REQUIRED SETS AND REPS. 

Once the weight becomes too heavy to work with in good form, it is useless to continue with it. Better by far to use a much lighter weight that takes less effort, but that allows correct form to be maintained. 

In reality, this is the hardest and most productive course to follow. It produces the finest, most permanent and healthy gains.

I repeat: Use the heaviest possible weights that you can properly manage in good, strict exercise style. This is the secret to productive training. 

Don't use weights that are too heavy.

Don't use weights that are too light.

Keep that delicate developmental balance. 

Error No. 4

FAILING TO WARM UP PROPERLY, OR DOING TOO MUCH WARMING UP AND TOO LITTLE TRAINING. 

To warm up properly is vital. You should always do a warmup for your entire body prior to commencing the day's workout -- and you do require ONE warmup set before doing the all out heavy sets in any very demanding exercise (like the squat, bench press or deadlift). 

The trouble with warming up is that most trainees either don't do enough or they do too much. For example: a man who does three or four progressively heavier sets in the squat (never really WORKING any one set to its  ultimate is just loafing through his session, and wasting valuable time. One warmup set followed by one (or possibly two) maximum all out sets is PLENTY. Neglecting the warmup could prove disastrous -- but doing nothing more than a series of warmups will hardly prove more than time consuming. Muscles GROW when they are FORCED to grow -- and continual warming up forces nothing.

Some exercises (like curls) often do not require any warmup, except in unusual power-type training. Use your judgement here. If the first set hurts, you NEED the warmup. If not, forget it. 

Error No. 5

NEGLECTING TO DELIBERATELY CULTIVATE AND USE A POSITIVE ATTITUDE. 

Your mind is so essential for success in physical training that I will say flatly, and invite my challenger to dispute me, that NO MAN CAN ACHIEVE HIS MAXIMUM DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIAL WITHOUT A DYNAMIC, POSITIVE, HEALTHY AND STRONG ATTITUDE.

Believe in yourself, and believe in the rightness of weight training as a means to your objective! 

Refuse to accept nastiness from others; reject criticism, block out any and all negatives, and FIGHT unrelentingly for what you desire.

I contend that, instead of complaining about the efforts severe training demands, we should be grateful for having the sound health and wherewithal to MAKE THOSE EFFORTS IN THE FIRST PLACE. I would remind readers that there are thousands of unfortunate people all over the world in sick beds and hospitals who would trade everything they own for the chance to be in your shoes, and have the privilege of SWEATING and WORKING and TRAINING that you have. 

Count your blessings and don't complain, or accept the complaints of others. Resolve to put every iota of work into the attainment of your objectives and goals in life and SUCCEED. 

Cultivate the positive attitude so essential to success in training. 

Error No. 6

FAILING TO PUT FORTH ABSOLUTE AND TOTAL CONCENTRATION IN EVERY SET YOU DO.  

The only way to make a set work for you is to work on the set! 

Whenever a bodybuilder breezes through a set he can kiss any hoped-for results from that set goodbye. To get results -- to get the MOST out of those 5, 6, 7 or 8 reps you grind out, POUR A 101% EFFORT INTO EACH REP! 

I often start a new trainee off by forcing him to give up multiple sets ENTIRELY for one month. He does one, single set each of 12-15 basic exercises, and I make him work each set 'till he's ready to fold up. My purpose is to condition and train him to UNDERSTAND and APPRECIATE the vital significance of pouring all out effort into every single, important  individual set in the program.

One set is almost always plenty of work -- providing a 100% level of effort-output is poured into that set. 

When you do any set get a VIVID MENTAL IMAGE of the muscle group you're working and get into that muscle group. Make every set a world unto itself and drive your muscle fibers mercilessly on that set. Believe me, there is GOLD in the preceding sentences! 

Conclusions

For the purpose of this article, I've chosen to focus upon your specific training errors that probably account for any failure to progress satisfactorily which you may have encountered. 

There is much experience -- both practical and theoretical -- behind the advice contained herein, and it behooves you to learn the information well -- and APPLY IT. 

You don't have to make the common training errors that cause so many hardworking people in the iron game to fail. You can correct your errors and get back on the road toward SUCCESS. 

Will you make the effort? 

Enjoy Your Lifting!